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Approaches are described for on-line and off-line sample pretreatment of liquid samples
utilising liquid- and adsorbent- and sorbent-phase microextraction methodologies with
GC analysis. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), on-line
solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and membrane-assisted
methods are critically evaluated and the applicability of each technique is demonstrated
with examples.